Political Policy Implementation Analysis Kupang City Regional Income And Expenditure Budget (Study On The Budget For Managing Covid-19 In 2021)

Electoral Incentives and Political Parties in the Brazilian Budget Policy

the u.s. policy in central asia and its impact on the colored revolutions in the region (the case study of tulip revolution in kyrgyzstan)

چکیده ندارد.

Federal Subsidization of State Expenditure to Reduce Political Budget Cycles

In this note we analyze whether a federal transfer system can be designed to increase welfare when state governments create political budget cycles. The results show how the federal government can counteract the welfare costs of these cycles, without hindering politicians from signaling their type, by announcing a transfer scheme to subsidize expenditures that voters do not consider when voting...

Budget Constrained Expenditure Multipliers

We show that standard expenditure multipliers capture economy-wide effects of new government projects only when financing constraints are not binding. In actual policy making, however, new projects usually need financing. Under liquidity constraints, new projects are subject to two opposite effects: an income effect and a set of spending substitution effects. The former is the traditional, unre...

The Regional Carbon Budget

A number of approaches have been used to infer whether Amazonia is a net source or sink for carbon. Top-down approaches based on inverse calculations with CO2 concentrations and atmospheric transport models are problematic because of a paucity of air samples and poor constraints on regional air transport. Direct measurements of changes in aboveground biomass suggest a net carbon sink in oldgrow...